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Soil Is More Than Dirt

Amendment makes good soil even better.

Weeds are plants that grow wildly where they are undesirable. Therefore, all weeds are plants, but not all plants are weeds. Similarly, dirt is soil or similar substances where it is undesirable. Therefore, some dirt is soil, but soil is not necessarily dirt. The assumption that soil is dirt is disrespectful to the foundation of the garden. Roots know the difference.

Roots are experts in regard to soil because they inhabit it. They must disperse through it to procure nutrients and water, and to conduct respiration. They also provide stability for their associated stems and foliage above. Various soils are naturally diverse. Vegetation is more diverse to exploit them. Not many soils can not sustain some type of vegetation.

Soil, most simply, is the loose aggregates on the surfaces of most land. Loose is relative, since some soils are dense and quite hard. The inorganic aggregates range in size from microscopic clay particles to coarse sand. Most soils include small stones. Some include significant stones. Almost all soils contain organic material. Exposed bedrock lacks soil.

The texture of a soil is its ratio of the three basic components, sand, silt and clay. Sandy soils drain efficiently, but do not retain moisture as well as dense clay soils do. Clay soils retain more moisture, but do not drain as efficiently. Like climates, soils limit what grows well in a garden. Although local soils are of good quality, some benefit from amendment.

Soil amendments, such as compost, may improve both drainage and moisture retention. They also improve aeration and, as they decompose, they generate additional nutrients. Such organic amendments are helpful with the installation of new plants. They promote healthy dispersion of roots. They are also particularly useful for annuals and vegetables.

Fertilizers promote growth by providing more of the nutrients that the soil provides. Each nutrient promotes different types of growth. For example, phosphorus promotes floral and fruit growth. Nitrogen promotes vegetative growth. The formulation of synthetic fertilizers is very precise for specific results. Organic fertilizers can be less potent, but are effective.

Posted on by tonytomeo · 15 Comments

Six on Saturday: Just A Few Flowers

It is difficult to select only six flowers from the many blooming at this time of year.

1. Morea bicolor, yellow African iris is not very yellow. It is an impressively resilient and reliable perennial, though, and is quite easy to propagate. It really deserves more credit.

2. Morea iridioides, African iris is at least as resilient, reliable and easy to propagate, so is therefore very common. Whenever we have use for more, we simply split big colonies.

3. Canna X generalis ‘Mango’ canna performs very well and proliferates very efficiently. It begins its bloom before any other canna here. I just am not so keen on its floral color.

4. Echinops ritro, globe thistle looks like an Allium in this closeup picture. You might be able to guess where it is from. It is the first that I have grown since the summer of 1986.

5. Crinum bulbispermum, Orange River lily typically does not bloom quite like this. The florets should have darker pink or red centers. Could this be another species of Crinum?

6. Hemerocallis fulva ‘Flore Pleno’ daylily has been growing like a weed. We relocated a few only a few years ago, and must already relocate some of their now crowded progeny.

Anyone who would like to participate in this meme should peruse this participant guide for Six on Saturday.

Posted on by tonytomeo

Japanese Black Pine

Japanese black pine produces small pinecones.

Most pines grow too large for compact urban home gardens. Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, is an exception. Although it can grow bigger in the wild, it does not get much taller than twenty feet here. It takes many years to grow as broad, typically with irregular and sculptural form. Because of its form, it is quite conducive to pruning for confinement.

The evergreen foliage of Japanese black pine is rich deep green. Its paired needles are about four and a half inches long, and somewhat stiff. Its stout cones are only about two or three inches long. They are as green as their foliage while developing, but eventually become brown. Even young trees have handsomely flaky bark, which darkens with rain.

Japanese black pine is notably undemanding. It supposedly prefers slightly sandy soils that drain efficiently. However, it performs well within local soils. Disease and pathogens are quite rare here, although boring beetles sometimes appear. Japanese black pine can thrive in large pots if pruned to be proportionate. It is popular for both bonsai and niwaki, and can perform for centuries.

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Arborists Are Horticulturists Of Trees

Arborists work on the biggest trees.

Trees are the most substantial living components of their landscapes. Many grow too big for garden enthusiasts or professional gardeners to maintain them. Such trees will likely eventually require the services of arborists. Arborists are horticulturists who specialize in the horticulture of trees, or arboriculture. Most of the best are certified as such by the ISA.

The ISA is the International Society of Arboriculture. Certification by the ISA first requires arborists to pass an arboricultural proficiency exam. Maintenance of certification requires continuing participation with ISA programs. This includes classes, workshops, seminars and qualified work experience. Arborists must also maintain ISA professional standards.

More information about the ISA is available online at isa-arbor.com. This site includes a link for more consumer information at treesaregood.org. An interactive directory identifies local certified arborists and their tree services. Various articles explain the importance of securing services from qualified arborists. Other resources help select appropriate trees.

ISA certified arborists do more than maintain trees. If necessary, they also remove trees. Many municipalities require permits for removal of significant trees. A permit application requires recommendation for removal from a certified arborist. To prescribe removal, the arborist must compose an arborist report to justify it. Such processes requires inspection.

ISA certified arborists do not invariably perform all the procedures that they recommend. Most work with and supervise a few crews who execute their recommended procedures. Arboriculture is very physically demanding work. Some who do it while younger prefer to become consulting arborists when a bit older. Their work experience is a valuable asset.

The need for arboriculture becomes more apparent at particular times of the year. Winter storms make it more obvious. Also, several trees prefer pruning during winter dormancy. However, various arboricultural procedures are seasonable at various times of the year. Most of such procedures can be performed whenever convenient, at any time of the year.

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Six on Saturday: Foliar Closeups

All six here this week are foliar, without flowers. I suppose that floral subjects would be more appropriate for June; so, perhaps next week.

1. Ilex aquifolium, English holly certainly looks vicious up close. It grows wild from seed in the landscapes. I canned several as if we might find a use for them, which is unlikely.

2. Abies grandis, grand fir was collected from the wild near Smith River. A few are now canned here, although we have no idea what to do with them. They are such grand trees.

3. Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce came with the grand fir from near Smith River. It is also difficult or impossible to accommodate in the landscapes here. Collection is a bad habit.

4. Heliconia psittacorum, parakeet flower is considerably more useful than the previous three. For now, though, it remains canned on a silly shelf outside my bedroom window.

5. Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s Smoke’ sugarcane came with the parakeet flower from Brent’s garden in Los Angeles. It is almost too easy to propagate, so we have quite a few.

6. Saccharum officinarum ‘Purple Ribbon’ sugarcane is an old heirloom cultivar. It was acquired after ‘Pele’s Smoke’, but already has as much potential to propagate too easily.

Anyone who would like to participate in this meme should peruse this participant guide for Six on Saturday.

Posted on by tonytomeo

Lion’s Tail

Lion’s tail has oddly aromatic foliage.

Too much bloom should be no problem. Although, for lion’s tail, Leonotis leonurus, it can be. It blooms for the middle of spring. Then, it continues blooming in increasingly prolific phases until late summer or autumn. There is little time for deadheading between bloom phases. Furthermore, deadheading too aggressively delays subsequent bloom phases.

It is best to prune deteriorating bloomed stems just below their lowest floral tufts. Pruned stems can then generate side shoots that should bloom for a subsequent phase. Growth unfortunately gets congested by the end of the season. Coppicing late in winter removes all of such congested growth. This promotes new growth and a new beginning for spring.

Mature specimens can grow taller than six feet by the end of summer, and slightly wider. Their narrow leaves are about three inches long. They bloom with dense tufts of tubular flowers in neat tiers on the upright stems. Floral color is almost exclusively bright orange. Cultivars with yellow or white bloom are rare and not as bright. Foliage is very aromatic. New plants are easy to propagate by division while plants are coppiced.

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Aromatic Foliage Has Certain Advantages

Some plants are perhaps too aromatic.

Culinary herbs are mostly aromatic foliage. Their respective flavors are generally similar to their distinct aromas. Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme are a few popular examples. So are basil, cilantro, chive, mint, oregano, dill, lavender and bay leaf. Ironically though, herbal flavors and aromas repel some insects or grazing animals. Such is their purpose.

The aromatic foliage of rosemary, for example, is a popular culinary herb. However, such foliage is aromatic primarily to repel grazing animals. So, it is both repulsive to deer, and coincidentally appealing for culinary application. Its endeavor to be unpopular has made it popular. For organisms that lack olfactory perceptions, plants make productive use of it.

Rosemary, though, is also popular because it is useful for landscape application. Some trailing cultivars grow as ground cover. Others are shrubby. Various species and cultivars of lavender are similarly useful for landscape situations. Bronze fennel became popular more for its visual appeal than its aromatic foliage. Many herbs can perform double duty.

Also, several plants that are not herbs have exceptionally aromatic foliage. Both trailing and shrubby lantana are almost obnoxiously aromatic. Society garlic, breath of Heaven, rockrose and some salvias can be also. While aromatic foliage should be appealing, it is sometimes objectionable to some. Warmth and humidity typically enhance foliar aroma.

Some aromatic foliage only exudes its aroma when disturbed. Junipers can be aromatic during their pruning, but may not be otherwise. Incense cedar, camphor and the various eucalypti and conifers are very aromatic. However, their foliage is very often out of reach. Native bay trees are very big, but culinary Grecian bay is proportionate to home gardens.

Because of aromatic foliage, window boxes became popular in ancient European towns. They were convenient planter boxes for growing herbs where garden space was scarce. Also, they sustained aromatic foliage that repelled mosquitoes prior to window screens. Trailing rosemary, nasturtium and ivy geranium are still very traditional accompaniments.