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Autumn Foliar Color That Shines

Several species color splendidly for autumn.

Autumn is known as fall for a reason. It is when foliage falls from deciduous plants. It is, of course, more interesting than that. Some deciduous foliage first provides spectacular autumn foliar color. Formerly green foliage turns bright yellow, orange, red or even dark purply red. Even some shades of brown are visually appealing as the weather changes.

All sorts of deciduous plants develop autumn foliar color. They can be shrubbery, vines, groundcovers or even perennials. The biggest and best are deciduous trees. Deciduous plants may seem to be messy, but that is only because they shed all at once. Many are tidy after autumn. Evergreen plants shed also but do so slower through longer seasons.

Sweetgum, or liquidambar, is likely the most familiar tree to produce autumn foliar color. It is also one of the messier deciduous trees. That is only because it does not shed all at once. Instead, it retains much of its color through autumn and perhaps into winter. Spiky seed capsules can become a nuisance among mature trees. Roots can be aggressive.

Chinese pistache is as colorful, with bright yellow, orange and red autumn foliar color. It seems to be a bit less messy because it sheds more efficiently. This means that it does not retain its color as late into autumn or winter. Its pinnately compound leaves fall apart into individual leaflets. These smaller leaflets take more effort to rake than larger leaves.

Ginkgo lacks orange and red autumn foliar color but excels at vividly bright yellow. It is a stately tree with tall and slender form. Modern cultivars are exclusively male, so can not generate messy and stinky fruit. While young, their roots are reasonably docile, which is why they are popular street trees. Ginkgo can defoliate prematurely, particularly in rain.

Although some deciduous plants do not develop autumn foliar color, several do. Quite a few options are available. Flowering pear and crape myrtle provide both foliar color and showy bloom. Flowering pear blooms white for spring. Crape myrtle blooms with various bright colors for summer. Boston ivy is a clinging vine that provides autumn foliar color. Smokebush is a big deciduous shrub that develops splendid color for autumn.

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Six on Saturday: Slim Pickings

There are not as many flowers to take pictures of now as there were earlier in the year. I suppose that there will be fewer later into winter.

1. Prunus persicaria, nectarine proves that we do experience autumn here by its orange foliar color. It will defoliate soon. Several other species are likewise showing foliar color.

2. Bergenia crassifolia, pigsqueak prematurely proves that we also do experience winter here by its pink winter bloom. Actually, this proves nothing, but almost sounds credible.

3. Canna X generalis ‘Stuttgart’ canna is growing when it should not be growing, as the weather cools. It made this almost completely white leaf, which looks like a papal mitre.

4. Campanula americana, American bellflower is finishing its bloom and drying out for autumn. It disperses its seed so profusely that it seems to naturalize where it is irrigated.

5. Punica granatum, pomegranate reddens as it ripens through autumn. This fruit is the largest of only three small fruits, but it is more than I expected from a small potted tree.

6. Hibiscus X rosa–sinensis, tropical hibiscus is brighter yellow than it looks here in this picture, which was taken a bit too early on Thursday morning. It was still dark out there.

Anyone who would like to participate in this meme should peruse this participant guide for Six on Saturday.

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Autumn Weather Eventually Becomes Cooler

Some foliage turns color for autumn.

Cool season vegetables and cool season annuals might still seem early. The weather is not yet notably cool, although it is not as warm as it was for summer. Nevertheless, it is now autumn. The weather will become increasingly cooler and eventually rainier before winter. Plant growth will decelerate. Some foliage will become both colorful and messy.

As the weather cools, irrigation will become less demanding. Evapotranspiration, which is evaporation from foliage, decreases substantially. Deciduous plants defoliate, so can not transpire. Evaporation from soil also decreases. Rain will dampen everything that is not under a roof later in autumn. Then, irrigation will be redundant until the rain pauses.

Rain later in autumn typically accompanies storms. Stormy weather can damage trees, or potentially destabilize some. It is therefore important to address arboricultural issues now, prior to stormy weather. Arborists will be busy later, so may not be able to respond to emergencies immediately. After autumn, winter storms can be even more destructive.

As plant growth decelerates, pruning and mowing will become less necessary. Hedging may not be necessary again until growth resumes in spring. Late pruning can stimulate new growth. Such growth would be susceptible to damage from stormier winter weather later. Rain might sometimes delay lawn mowing, which should be less frequent anyway.

Some deciduous foliage becomes colorful as the weather cools and the nights lengthen. Even more of it becomes messy. As autumn progresses, it necessitates raking from turf and hardscapes. Unraked foliar debris causes mildew within lawns, and shades out the grass. Foliage also stains hardscapes, clogs drainage, and becomes a slipping hazard.

Gardening certainly evolves with the seasons. Some tasks become less demanding for autumn, or unnecessary. Others become more important. This autumn may precede an extreme El Nino winter. It is therefore advisable not to neglect garden maintenance as it becomes necessary. Minor concerns can become major when the weather gets stormy.

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Giant Taro

Giant taro eventually grows quite large.

Even within confinement of large pots, giant taro, Alocasia macrorrhiza, is big and bold. Potted houseplant specimens grow about six feet tall. In the ground, they can grow twice as high. Individual leaves can grow three to six feet long, and two to four feet wide. They mostly point upward, but may sag to point downward. Trunks, if any, are short and stout.

Giant taro is somewhat rare within home gardens, most likely because of its size. It might also be a bit more demanding than other foliar perennials. It requires quite a bit of water at regular intervals. Also, it craves regular applications of fertilizer. However, it can burn if fertilizer is excessive. Soil should be loose, organically rich, and moist but not saturated.

Giant taro is also somewhat rare within nurseries. The big dormant bulbs are sometimes available with other summer bulbs during spring. Initially, they grow slowly, especially if weather is cool. Growth accelerates as weather warms. Some vigorous plants produce a few pups that are quite easy to divide as new plants. A variegated cultivar is notably rare. “Elephant ear” is another common name.

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Six on Saturday: Foliar Closeups

All six here this week are foliar, without flowers. I suppose that floral subjects would be more appropriate for June; so, perhaps next week.

1. Ilex aquifolium, English holly certainly looks vicious up close. It grows wild from seed in the landscapes. I canned several as if we might find a use for them, which is unlikely.

2. Abies grandis, grand fir was collected from the wild near Smith River. A few are now canned here, although we have no idea what to do with them. They are such grand trees.

3. Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce came with the grand fir from near Smith River. It is also difficult or impossible to accommodate in the landscapes here. Collection is a bad habit.

4. Heliconia psittacorum, parakeet flower is considerably more useful than the previous three. For now, though, it remains canned on a silly shelf outside my bedroom window.

5. Saccharum officinarum ‘Pele’s Smoke’ sugarcane came with the parakeet flower from Brent’s garden in Los Angeles. It is almost too easy to propagate, so we have quite a few.

6. Saccharum officinarum ‘Purple Ribbon’ sugarcane is an old heirloom cultivar. It was acquired after ‘Pele’s Smoke’, but already has as much potential to propagate too easily.

Anyone who would like to participate in this meme should peruse this participant guide for Six on Saturday.

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Aromatic Foliage Has Certain Advantages

Some plants are perhaps too aromatic.

Culinary herbs are mostly aromatic foliage. Their respective flavors are generally similar to their distinct aromas. Parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme are a few popular examples. So are basil, cilantro, chive, mint, oregano, dill, lavender and bay leaf. Ironically though, herbal flavors and aromas repel some insects or grazing animals. Such is their purpose.

The aromatic foliage of rosemary, for example, is a popular culinary herb. However, such foliage is aromatic primarily to repel grazing animals. So, it is both repulsive to deer, and coincidentally appealing for culinary application. Its endeavor to be unpopular has made it popular. For organisms that lack olfactory perceptions, plants make productive use of it.

Rosemary, though, is also popular because it is useful for landscape application. Some trailing cultivars grow as ground cover. Others are shrubby. Various species and cultivars of lavender are similarly useful for landscape situations. Bronze fennel became popular more for its visual appeal than its aromatic foliage. Many herbs can perform double duty.

Also, several plants that are not herbs have exceptionally aromatic foliage. Both trailing and shrubby lantana are almost obnoxiously aromatic. Society garlic, breath of Heaven, rockrose and some salvias can be also. While aromatic foliage should be appealing, it is sometimes objectionable to some. Warmth and humidity typically enhance foliar aroma.

Some aromatic foliage only exudes its aroma when disturbed. Junipers can be aromatic during their pruning, but may not be otherwise. Incense cedar, camphor and the various eucalypti and conifers are very aromatic. However, their foliage is very often out of reach. Native bay trees are very big, but culinary Grecian bay is proportionate to home gardens.

Because of aromatic foliage, window boxes became popular in ancient European towns. They were convenient planter boxes for growing herbs where garden space was scarce. Also, they sustained aromatic foliage that repelled mosquitoes prior to window screens. Trailing rosemary, nasturtium and ivy geranium are still very traditional accompaniments.

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Colorful Foliage Regardless Of Bloom

Dusty miller has silvery gray foliage.

Home gardens display more floral color now than at any other time of year. So much is in bloom. So much more is generating fresh new foliage. Most, but not all, of such foliage is green. Some is splendidly colorful. Although foliar color is generally not as vivid as floral color, it lasts longer. Some evergreen colorful foliage retains its color throughout the year.

Colorful foliage is not the same as foliage that turns color for autumn, although it can be. Most is evergreen. Generally, it is most colorful as it grows fresh through warming spring weather. Some fades somewhat through summer. Some deciduous colorful foliage also turns color for autumn. Also, some foliarly colorful species provide fruit or showy flowers.

A few cultivars of European elderberry with bronze or variegated foliage produce berries. Variegated pink lemon is, as its name implies, both variegated and fruitful. Smoke tree is fruitless, but is colorful twice. It is either dark bronze or bright chartreuse yellow for spring and summer. Then, it turns color for autumn. It lacks color only while bare through winter.

Colorful foliage can be bronze, silver, gold or variegated. Bronze is the most varied since it can be bronzy shades of purple, red, orange or brown. Purple leaf plum is probably the most familiar tree with bronzy purple foliage. A few cultivars of New Zealand flax produce foliage that is either bronze or variegated. Their variegations can be bronze, gold or pink.

Silver foliage occurs mostly among plants that are endemic to high elevations or deserts. Such color reflects some of the harshly intense sunlight to protect the foliage from scald. Both Colorado blue spruce and Arizona cypress are naturally endemic to high elevation. Blue agave is endemic to deserts. Silvery foliage can be gray, pale blue or almost white.

Colorful foliage is not otherwise an advantage, though. Gold and variegated foliage has less chlorophyll than green foliage, so grows slower. New Zealand flax, smoke tree and elderberry can be either gold or bronze. Gold cultivars of each are innately less vigorous than the bronze. Coleus and caladium are among the most variegated of colorful foliage.

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Mexican Snowball

Mexican snowball is easy to propagate.

Some might know Mexican snowball, Echeveria elegans, as hen and chicks. However, a few species of Echeveria and related Sempervivum have the same name. Foliar rosettes produce smaller rosettes that resemble chicks around their mother hen. Smaller rosettes, or pups, are easy to separate and grow into new plants. Some might already have roots.

Individual rosettes seem to be nearly spherical, but are a bit wider than high. The biggest are only about four inches wide. The evergreen foliage is very pale bluish green. Leaves are plumply succulent. Their arrangement is neatly symmetrical like scales of pinecones. Rosettes form colonies, which resemble stashes of snowballs more than hen and chicks.

Mexican snowball prefers sunny exposures with regular irrigation. It can tolerate a slight bit of shade and lapses of irrigation, though. It is popular as a component of mixed small perennials in large pots or urns. For low stone retaining walls or berms, it can grow from crevices. Its small pink flowers with yellow tips usually bloom as winter becomes spring. Although small, the color contrasts nicely with such pale foliage.

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Evergreen Foliage For Christmas Decor

Pines provide delightful cut evergreen foliage.

Berries such as firethorn might be the most colorful features of some home gardens now. Flowers can be scarce for late autumn and winter. Yet, people still enjoy decorating their homes with vegetation from their gardens. Cut evergreen foliage actually becomes more popular than cut flowers had been. It is a basic component of traditional Christmas decor.

Christmas trees are the most extreme form of cut evergreen foliage. With few exceptions, though, they do not grow within home gardens. Instead, they grow on farms and become available for sale before Christmas. Availability from such sources is remarkably diverse. Not many home gardens have adequate space for cut Christmas tree cultivation anyway.

Wreaths and garlands are the second most extreme forms of cut evergreen foliage. Many are available for sale like cut Christmas trees are. However, many people create wreaths and garlands from what inhabits their gardens. After all, wreaths and garlands are merely stylized floral design which lack containers. Most, but not all, lack anything floral as well.

Because wreaths and garlands lack containers, their components must not wilt too soon. The best evergreen foliage is coniferous. However, some broadleaf foliage works nicely. Even defoliated deciduous twigs can be intriguing. Pine cones can substitute for flowers. There are not many rules to floral design, or for the composition of wreaths and garlands.

Collection of evergreen foliage for wreaths and garlands should not disrupt a landscape. Ideally, such foliage should be in need of removal anyway. For example, stems that need pruning can provide significant material. Pruning cuts from source material must be done properly, without stubs or disfigurement. The many rules of responsible gardening apply.

Fir, spruce, pine and cedar are some of the better evergreen foliage for Christmas decor. They are uncommon, though, within local home gardens. Italian cypress, arborvitae and juniper are more common. Boxwood, various hollies and various pittosporums are some broadleaf alternatives. Southern magnolia and New Zealand flax may add bold contrast. So do coral bark Japanese maple twigs or tufts of ornamental grass.